Risultati di ricerca
The Black Panther Leaders Speak: Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge ... - Google Books. Books. The Black Panther Leaders Speak: Huey P. Newton, Bobby...
Black Panther Party leaders Huey P. Newton, Eldridge Cleaver, and Bobby Seale spoke on a 10-point program they wanted from the administration which was to include full employment, decent housing and education, an end to police brutality, and black people to be exempt from the military.
18 ott 1976 · The Black Panther leaders speak: Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver and company speak out through the Black Panther Party's official newspaper by G. Louis Heath | Goodreads. Jump to ratings and reviews. Want to read. Buy on Amazon. Rate this book.
- (5)
- Hardcover
22 ago 2023 · “He was gorgeous.” Huey P. Newton, at 28 years old, was the leader of the Black Panther Party, one of the most influential social movements of the 1960s. When he’d been arrested in...
- Jennie Rothenberg Gritz
- Overview
- Origin and political program
- Impact and repression
The Black Panther Party was an African American revolutionary organization that was formed in 1966 and reached its heyday a few years later. Its initial purpose was to patrol Black neighborhoods to protect residents from police brutality. It later evolved into a Marxist group that called for, among other things, the arming of all African Americans, the release of all Black prisoners, and the payment of compensation to African Americans for centuries of exploitation. It was also notable for its various social programs, such as free breakfasts for children, and medical clinics.
Who started the Black Panther Party?
Students Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in Oakland, California, in 1966; the group later shortened its name to the Black Panther Party. The two men adopted Malcolm X’s slogan “Freedom by any means necessary.” The Black Panthers also drew inspiration from Stokely Carmichael, a Black nationalist leader. He coined the phrase “Black Power,” which became the group’s rallying cry, and in 1965 he founded a political party that had a black panther as its emblem. The Black Panthers later adopted that image.
Why is the Black Panther Party important?
The Black Panthers’ campaign for African American equality had a lasting impact on Black empowerment, and its influence continues to be felt in such current social movements as Black Lives Matter. In addition, the group inspired other minority groups worldwide to pursue their own causes.
Read more below: Legacy
Despite passage of the 1960s civil rights legislation that followed the landmark U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), African Americans living in cities throughout North America continued to suffer economic and social inequality. Poverty and reduced public services characterized these urban centres, where residents were subject to poor living conditions, joblessness, chronic health problems, violence, and limited means to change their circumstances. Such conditions contributed to urban uprisings in the 1960s (such as those in the Watts district of Los Angeles in 1965, among others) and to the increased use of police violence as a measure to impose order on cities throughout North America.
It was in this context, and in the wake of the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965, that Merritt Junior College students Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense on October 15, 1966, in West Oakland (officially “Western Oakland,” a district of the city of Oakland), California. Shortening its name to the Black Panther Party, the organization immediately sought to set itself apart from African American cultural nationalist organizations, such as the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the Nation of Islam, to which it was commonly compared. Although the groups shared certain philosophical positions and tactical features, the Black Panther Party and cultural nationalists differed on a number of basic points. For instance, whereas African American cultural nationalists generally regarded all white people as oppressors, the Black Panther Party distinguished between racist and nonracist whites and allied themselves with progressive members of the latter group. Also, whereas cultural nationalists generally viewed all African Americans as oppressed, the Black Panther Party believed that African American capitalists and elites could and typically did exploit and oppress others, particularly the African American working class. Perhaps most importantly, whereas cultural nationalists placed considerable emphasis on symbolic systems, such as language and imagery, as the means to liberate African Americans, the Black Panther Party believed that such systems, though important, are ineffective in bringing about liberation. It considered symbols as woefully inadequate to ameliorate the unjust material conditions, such as joblessness, created by capitalism.
The Black Panther Party came into the national spotlight in May 1967 when a small group of its members, led by its chair, Seale, marched fully armed into the California state legislature in Sacramento. Emboldened by the view that African Americans had a constitutional right to bear arms (based on the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution), the Black Panther Party marched on the body as a protest against the pending Mulford Act. The Black Panther Party viewed the legislation, a gun control bill, as a political maneuver to thwart the organization’s effort to combat police brutality in the Oakland community. The images of gun-toting Black Panthers entering the Capitol were supplemented, later that year, with news of Newton’s arrest after a shoot-out with police in which an officer was killed. With this newfound publicity, the Black Panther Party grew from an Oakland-based organization into an international one with chapters in 48 states in North America and support groups in Japan, China, France, England, Germany, Sweden, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Uruguay, and elsewhere.
In addition to challenging police brutality, the Black Panther Party launched more than 35 Survival Programs and provided community help, such as education, tuberculosis testing, legal aid, transportation assistance, ambulance service, and the manufacture and distribution of free shoes to poor people. Of particular note was the Free Breakfast for Children Program (begun in January 1969) that spread to every major American city with a Black Panther Party chapter. The federal government had introduced a similar pilot program in 1966 but, arguably in response to the Panthers’ initiative, extended the program and then made it permanent in 1975—undoubtedly to the chagrin of Hoover.
Exclusive academic rate for students! Save 67% on Britannica Premium.
Learn More
Notwithstanding the social services the Black Panther Party provided, the FBI declared the group a communist organization and an enemy of the U.S. government. Hoover had pledged that 1969 would be the last year of the Black Panther Party and devoted the resources of the FBI, through COINTELPRO, toward that end. In a protracted program against the Black Panther Party, COINTELPRO used agent provocateurs, sabotage, misinformation, and lethal force to eviscerate the national organization. The FBI’s campaign culminated in December 1969 with a five-hour police shoot-out at the Southern California headquarters of the Black Panther Party and an Illinois state police raid in which Chicago Black Panther leader Fred Hampton was killed. The measures employed by the FBI were so extreme that, years later when they were revealed, the director of the agency publicly apologized for “wrongful uses of power.”
In the early 1970s radical scholar and activist Angela Davis became widely associated with the Black Panthers, though it seems likely that she never actually became a standing member of the party. Davis did, however, have strong connections with the party and taught political education classes for it. She initially gained notoriety in 1970 when then governor of California Ronald Reagan led the Board of Regents in refusing to renew Davis’s appointment as lecturer in philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles, because of her politics and her association with communists. At about the same time, Davis became involved in the case of three African American inmates at Soledad Prison who had been accused of murdering a guard. She became deeply involved with one of the inmates, George Jackson, whose younger brother’s attempt on August 7, 1970, to win Jackson’s release by taking hostages in the Marin county courthouse went violently awry. Four deaths resulted, and when at least one of the guns proved to be registered to Davis, she fled charges of conspiracy, kidnapping, and murder, going underground and entering the FBI’s Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list before being captured some eight weeks later after becoming a cause célèbre for the radical Left. Ultimately she was acquitted of all the charges against her by an all-white jury.
23 mag 2018 · (1970), and contributions to The Black Panther Leaders Speak: Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver, and Company Speak Out Through the Black Panther Party's Official Newspaper (1976) and to War Within: Violence or Nonviolence in Black Revolution (1971).
Seize The Time: The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton is a 1970 book by political activist Bobby Seale. It was recorded in San Francisco County Jail between November 1969 and March 1970, by Arthur Goldberg , a reporter for the San Francisco Bay Guardian .
:focal(647x467:648x468)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/aa/2d/aa2d0d6b-7184-44ac-94d0-b9da3663764d/huey-and-fredrika.jpg&q=+The%20Black%20Panther%20Leaders%20Speak:%20Huey%20P.%20Newton,%20Bobby%20Seale,%20Eldridge%20Cleaver%20and%20Company%20Speak%20Out%20Through%20the%20Black%20Panther%20Party%27s%20Official%20Newspa&ck=4F62926F00228FE5D473DB5AAA7F7E06&idpp=rc&idpview=singleimage&form=rc2idp "The Black Panther Leaders Speak: Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver and Company Speak Out Through the Black Panther Party's Official Newspa1")
/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/bc/13/bc13344f-32c6-4fbd-9af3-175015e13aa1/clean.jpeg&q=+The%20Black%20Panther%20Leaders%20Speak:%20Huey%20P.%20Newton,%20Bobby%20Seale,%20Eldridge%20Cleaver%20and%20Company%20Speak%20Out%20Through%20the%20Black%20Panther%20Party%27s%20Official%20Newspa&ck=D96C94A570DB3D441FD91992243B0153&idpp=rc&idpview=singleimage&form=rc2idp "The Black Panther Leaders Speak: Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver and Company Speak Out Through the Black Panther Party's Official Newspa2")
/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/7c/93/7c9300b1-e706-4669-abce-b452d4412409/huey.jpg&q=+The%20Black%20Panther%20Leaders%20Speak:%20Huey%20P.%20Newton,%20Bobby%20Seale,%20Eldridge%20Cleaver%20and%20Company%20Speak%20Out%20Through%20the%20Black%20Panther%20Party%27s%20Official%20Newspa&ck=DD77F32B77DA0A7DB784E00548F141F8&idpp=rc&idpview=singleimage&form=rc2idp "The Black Panther Leaders Speak: Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver and Company Speak Out Through the Black Panther Party's Official Newspa3")
/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/ff/fc/fffcf331-eaba-4aa4-a09c-5ba9bd611ad6/fredrika.jpg&q=+The%20Black%20Panther%20Leaders%20Speak:%20Huey%20P.%20Newton,%20Bobby%20Seale,%20Eldridge%20Cleaver%20and%20Company%20Speak%20Out%20Through%20the%20Black%20Panther%20Party%27s%20Official%20Newspa&ck=26EE2EDC19CF2712DEF3267496990C23&idpp=rc&idpview=singleimage&form=rc2idp "The Black Panther Leaders Speak: Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver and Company Speak Out Through the Black Panther Party's Official Newspa4")
/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/f2/de/f2de0c4e-7acb-45e6-a26f-2b7ab61e78e4/arlenesrealestateoffice.jpg&q=+The%20Black%20Panther%20Leaders%20Speak:%20Huey%20P.%20Newton,%20Bobby%20Seale,%20Eldridge%20Cleaver%20and%20Company%20Speak%20Out%20Through%20the%20Black%20Panther%20Party%27s%20Official%20Newspa&ck=1560701D48464F4A4748A6639C0C8187&idpp=rc&idpview=singleimage&form=rc2idp "The Black Panther Leaders Speak: Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver and Company Speak Out Through the Black Panther Party's Official Newspa5")
