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Clinical psychology has grown tremendously since 1896, the year Lightner Witmer founded the world’s first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania (Reisman, 1976). While once associated merely with clinic-based evaluation and treatment of...
- Michael Alessandri, Lynda A. Heiden, Melisa Dunbar-Welter
- 1995
History of psychology at Penn. College Hall was the site of the Department from the beginning until 1966. Psychology has been at the University of Pennsylvania since 1887. From the start it has emphasized both scientific rigor and practical application, not always at the same time.
This reprinted article originally appeared in The Psychological Clinic, 1907, I. Witmer 's original article describes the development of the psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania and explains the function of the clinic in providing conjoint physical and mental examinations.
Clinical psychology likewise is a protestant against a psychology that derives psychological and pedagogical principles from philosophical speculations and against a psychology that applies the results of laboratory experimentation directly to children in the school room.
- History
- Professional Practice
- Training and Certification to Practice
- Assessment
- Intervention
- Professional Ethics
- Comparison with Other Mental Health Professions
- Criticisms and Controversies
The earliest recorded approaches to assess and treat mental distress were a combination of religious, magical, and/or medical perspectives. In the early 19th century, one approach to study mental conditions and behavior was using phrenology, the study of personality by examining the shape of the skull. Other popular treatments at that time included...
Clinical psychologists engage in a wide range of activities. Some focus solely on research into the assessment, treatment, or cause of mental illness and related conditions. Some teach, whether in a medical school or hospital setting, or in an academic department (e.g., psychology department) at an institution of higher education. The majority of c...
Clinical psychologists study a generalist program in psychology plus postgraduate training and/or clinical placement and supervision. The length of training differs across the world, ranging from four years plus post-Bachelors supervised practice to a doctorate of three to six years which combines clinical placement. In the US, about half of all cl...
An important area of expertise for many clinical psychologists is psychological assessment, and there are indications that as many as 91% of psychologists engage in this core clinical practice. Such evaluation is usually done in service to gaining insight into and forming hypothesis about psychological or behavioral problems. As such, the results o...
Psychotherapy involves a formal relationship between professional and client—usually an individual, couple, family, or small group—that employs a set of procedures intended to form a therapeutic alliance, explore the nature of psychological problems, and encourage new ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving. Clinicians have a wide range of individua...
The field of clinical psychology in most countries is strongly regulated by a code of ethics. In the U.S., professional ethics are largely defined by the APA Code of Conduct, which is often used by states to define licensing requirements. The APA Code generally sets a higher standard than that which is required by law as it is designed to guide res...
7.1. Psychiatry
Although clinical psychologists and psychiatrists can be said to share a same fundamental aim—the alleviation of mental distress—their training, outlook, and methodologies are often quite different. Perhaps the most significant difference is that psychiatrists are licensed physicians. As such, psychiatrists often use the medical model to assess psychological problems (i.e., those they treat are seen as patients with an illness) and can use psychotropic medications as a method of addressing th...
7.2. Counseling Psychology
Counseling psychologists undergo the same level of rigor in study and use many of the same interventions and tools as clinical psychologists, including psychotherapy and assessment. Traditionally, counseling psychologists helped people with what might be considered normal or moderate psychological problems—such as the feelings of anxiety or sadness resulting from major life changes or events.However, that distinction has faded over time, and of the counseling psychologists who do not g...
7.3. School Psychology
School psychologists are primarily concerned with the academic, social, and emotional well-being of children and adolescents within a scholastic environment. In the U.K., they are known as "educational psychologists". Like clinical (and counseling) psychologists, school psychologists with doctoral degrees are eligible for licensure as health service psychologists, and many work in private practice. Unlike clinical psychologists, they receive much more training in education, child development...
Clinical psychology is a diverse field and there have been recurring tensions over the degree to which clinical practice should be limited to treatments supported by empirical research. Despite some evidence showing that all the major therapeutic orientations are about of equal effectiveness, there remains much debate about the efficacy of various ...
Most observers trace the beginnings of clinical psychology to Lightner Witmer’s psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania, founded in 1896. From that modest beginning, as the article indicates, clinical psychology has grown to its present status as a core mental health profession, composed of more than 100 000 doctoral level
The establishment of the Clinic (as it was called), the world's first, was a major event in the history of psychology, especially in the history of clinical psychology. This chapter reviews and reconstructs the various events and circumstances involved in the Clinic's beginning.
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