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Sebastiano di Borbone-Spagna, Infante di Spagna e Portogallo (Rio de Janeiro, 4 novembre 1811 – Pau, 14 febbraio 1875), fu un generale nella prima guerra carlista e progenitore delle linee ducali di Hernani, Ansola, Durcal e Marchena dei Borbone-Spagna.
Carlo Sebastiano di Borbone ( Carlos Sebastián de Borbón y Farnesio; Madrid, 20 gennaio 1716 – Madrid, 14 dicembre 1788) è stato duca di Parma e Piacenza con il nome di Carlo I dal 1731 al 1735, Re di Napoli senza utilizzare numerazioni [N 1] dal 1734 al 1759, re di Sicilia con il nome di Carlo III dal 1735 al 1759, e dal 1759 fino alla morte re...
- Spanish Imperial Legacy
- Biography
- Rule in Italy
- King of Spain, 1759–1788
- Ruler of The Spanish Empire
- Personal Life
- Relationship with Freemasonry
- Legacy
- Heraldry
- Further Reading
In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht concluded the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) and reduced the political and military power of Spain, which the House of Bourbon had ruled since 1700. Under the terms of the treaty, the Spanish Empire retained its American territories and the Philippines, but ceded the Spanish Netherlands, the kingdoms of Naple...
Early years
The birth of Charles encouraged Prime Minister Alberoni to start laying out grand plans for Europe. In 1717 he ordered the Spanish invasion of Sardinia. In 1718, Alberoni also ordered the invasion of Sicily, which was also ruled by the House of Savoy. In the same year Charles's first sister, Infanta Mariana Victoria was born on 31 March. In reaction to the Quadruple Alliance of 1718, the Duke of Savoy then joined the Alliance and went to war with Spain. This war led to the dismissal of Albero...
Arrival in Italy
After a solemn ceremony in Seville, Charles was given the épée d'or ("sword of gold") by his father; the sword had been given to Philip V of Spain by his grandfather Louis XIV before his departure to Spain in 1700. Charles left Spain on 20 October 1731 and traveled overland to Antibes; he then sailed to Tuscany, arriving at Livorno on 27 December 1731. His cousin Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, was named his co-tutor and despite Charles being the second in line to inherit Tusc...
Conquest of Naples and Sicily
In 1733, the death of Augustus II, King of Poland, sparked a succession crisis in Poland. France supported one pretender, and Austria and Russia another. France and Savoy formed an alliance to acquire territory from Austria. Spain, which had allied with France in late 1733 (the Bourbon Compact), also entered the conflict. Charles's mother, as regent, saw the opportunity to regain the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, which Spain had lost in the Treaty of Utrecht. On 20 January 1734, Charles, now...
Arrival in Naples and Sicily, recognition as king 1734-35
Charles had his triumphant entrance to Naples on 10 May 1734, through the old city gate at Capuana surrounded by the city councilors along with a group of people who threw money to the locals. The procession went on through the streets and ended up at the Naples Cathedral, where Charles received a blessing from the local archbishop, Cardinal Pignatelli. Charles took up residence at the Royal Palace of Naples, which had been built by his ancestor, Philip III of Spain. Two chroniclers of the er...
Charles was not expected to ascend to the throne of Spain, since his father had sons from his first wife who were more likely to rule. As the first son of his father's second wife, Charles benefited from his mother's ambition that he have a kingdom to rule, an experience that served him well when he ascended to the throne of Spain and ruled the Spa...
Centralizing rule and raising revenue
The policies that centralized the Spanish state on the Iberian Peninsula were extended to its overseas territories, especially after the end of the Seven Years' War, when Havana and Manila were captured (1762–63) by the British. Charles's predecessors on the throne had begun reforming the relationship between the Iberian metropole Spanish American and Philippine possessions, to create a centralized and unified empire. The Seven Years' War had demonstrated to Charles that Spain's military was...
Expulsion of the Jesuits, 1767
Charles's Italian minister Esquilache was hated in Spain, seen as a foreigner, and responsible for policies that many Spaniards opposed. Bread riots in 1766, known as the Esquilache Riots, pinned the blame on the minister, but behind the uprising, the Society of Jesus was seen as the real culprit. After exiling Esquilache, Charles expelled the Jesuits from Spain and its empire in 1767. In Spanish America, the impact was significant, since the Jesuits were a wealthy and powerful religious orde...
Bourbon Reforms
The government of Spain, in an effort to streamline the operation of its colonial empire, began introducing what became known as the Bourbon Reforms throughout South America. In 1776, as part of these reforms, it created the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata by separating Upper Peru (modern Bolivia) and the territory that is now Argentina from the Viceroyalty of Peru. These territories included the economically important silver mines at Potosí, whose economic benefits began to flow to Buenos...
Charles received the strict and structured education of a Spanish Infante by Giovanni Antonio Medrano; he was very pious and was often in awe of his domineering mother, who according to many contemporaries, he resembled greatly. The Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo, Doge of Venice and Ambassador of Venice to Naples declared that "...he received an educatio...
Freemasonry arrived in Spain in 1726, by the year 1748, there were already 800 members in Cádiz, which was the door to Spanish America. During the reign of Carlos III, Freemasonry enjoyed wide liberties, where the most influential political leaders and social figures were distinguished members of the lodges (rumored to be the Rodríguez Campomanes, ...
The rule of Charles III has been considered the "apogee of empire" and not sustained after his death. Charles III ascended the throne of Spain with considerable experience in governance, and enacted significant reforms to revivify Spain's economy and strengthen its empire. Although there were European conflicts to contend with, he died in 1788, mon...
Heraldry of Charles III of SpainCoat of arms as Infante of Spain, Sovereign Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, and Grand Prince and Heir of Tuscany (1731–1735)Coat of arms as Infante of Spain and King of Naples (1736–1759)Coat of arms as Infante of Spain and King of Sicily (1736–1759)Chávez, Thomas E. Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002.Henderson, Nicholas. "Charles III of Spain: An Enlightened Despot," History Today, Nov 1968, Vol. 18 Issue 10, p673-682 and Issue 11, pp 760–768Herr, Richard. "Flow and Ebb, 1700-1833" in Spain: A History, ed. Raymond Carr. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-280236-1Sebastiano di Borbone-Spagna, Infante di Spagna e Portogallo , fu un generale nella prima guerra carlista e progenitore delle linee ducali di Hernani, Ansola, Durcal e Marchena dei Borbone-Spagna.
Carlo Sebastiano di Borbone, Re di Napoli dal 1734 con il nome Carlo e Re di Sicilia dal 1735 con il nome di Carlo III, nome con cui, dal 1759 fino alla morte, governò anche la Spagna. Sposa nel 1738 Maria Amalia di Sassonia (1724-1760) dalla quale ebbe tredici figli tutti nati in Italia.
Due anni più tardi, la morte di Filippo V (9 luglio 1746) rese indipendente C. di fronte alla Spagna. Spogliata allora d'ogni potere Elisabetta, l'incubo della sua volontà non gravò più sul re C., e questi, che si era liberato poco prima del Montealegre - sostituito col piacentino Giovanni Fogliani - fu d'allora più accessibile agl'influssi locali, e più sensibile ai bisogni del paese.
Carlo Sebastiano di Borbone (Carlos Sebastián de Borbón y Farnesio; Madrid, 20 gennaio 1716 – Madrid, 14 dicembre 1788) è stato duca di Parma e Piacenza con il nome di Carlo I dal 1731 al 1735, Re di Napoli senza utilizzare numerazioni dal 1734 al 1759, re di Sicilia con il nome di Carlo III dal 1735 al 1759, e dal 1759 fino alla morte re ...
