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La legione romana (dal latino legio, derivato del verbo legere, "raccogliere assieme", che all'inizio indicava l'intero esercito) era l'unità militare di base dell'esercito romano.
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La legione romana (dal latino legio, derivato del verbo legere, "raccogliere assieme", che all'inizio indicava l'intero esercito) era l' unità militare di base dell' esercito romano.
- Size
- Function and Constitution
- Longevity
- Evolution
- History
- Legionary Ranks
- Pay
- Symbols
- Discipline
- Factors in The Legion's Success
The size of a typical legion varied throughout the history of ancient Rome, with complements ranging from 4,200 legionaries and 300 equites (drawn from the wealthier classes – in early Rome all troops provided their own equipment) in the Republic,to 5,500 in the Imperial period, when most legions were led by a Roman Imperial Legate. A legion had 4,...
For most of the Roman Imperial period, the legions formed the Roman army's elite heavy infantry, recruited exclusively from Roman citizens, while the remainder of the army consisted of auxiliaries, who provided additional infantry and the vast majority of the Roman cavalry (provincials who aspired to Roman citizenship gained it when honourably disc...
Many of the legions founded before 40 BC were still active until at least the fifth century, notably Legio V Macedonica, which was founded by Augustus in 43 BC and was in Egypt in the seventh century during the Islamic conquest of Egypt. On the other hand, Legio XVII ("Seventeenth Legion"), Legio XVIII ("Eighteenth Legion") and Legio XIX ("Nineteen...
Almost nothing is known about the legion of the Roman Kingdom period that could have included 1000 men from each of the three original Roman tribes. The earliest surviving detailed description comes from Polybius, who was writing c.150 BC and his account most likely was influenced by the organization of the Roman army after the defeat of Hannibal i...
Roman Kingdom
In the period before the raising of the legio and the early years of the Roman Kingdom and the Roman Republic, forces are described as being organised into centuriae of roughly one hundred men. These centuries were grouped together as required and answered to the leader who had hired or raised them. Such independent organisation persisted until the 2nd century BC amongst light infantry and cavalry, but was discarded completely in later periods with the supporting role taken instead by allied...
Mid Republic
At some point after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy the legio was subdivided into two separate legions, each one ascribed to one of the two consuls. In the first years of the Republic, when warfare was mostly concentrated on raiding, it is uncertain if the full manpower of the legions was summoned at any one time. In 494 BC, when three foreign threats emerged, the dictator Manius Valerius Maximus raised ten legions which Livysays was a greater number than had been raised previously at any...
Late Republic
Each century had its own standard and was made up of ten units (contubernia) of eight men who shared a tent, a millstone, a mule and cooking pot. Full Roman citizenship was open to all the regions of Italy. At the same time, the three different types of heavy infantry were replaced by a single, standard type based on the principes: armed with two heavy javelins called pila (singular pilum), the short sword called gladius, chain mail (lorica hamata), helmet and rectangular shield (scutum). The...
Aside from the rank and file legionary (who received the base wage of 10 assēs a day or 225 denarii a year), the following list describes the system of officers which developed within the legions from the late republic (100s BC) until the military reforms of Diocletian (c.290).
Legionaries received 225 denarii a year (equal to 900 sestertii) until Domitian, who increased it to 300 denarii. In spite of the steady inflation during the 2nd century, there was no further rise until the time of Septimius Severus, who increased it to 500 denarii a year. However, the soldiers did not receive all the money in cash, as the state de...
From 104 BC onwards, each legion used an aquila (eagle) as its standard symbol. The symbol was carried by an officer known as aquilifer, and its loss was considered to be a very serious embarrassment, and often led to the disbanding of the legion itself. Normally, this was because any legion incapable of regaining its eagle in battle was so severel...
The military discipline of the legions was harsh. Regulations were strictly enforced, and a broad array of punishments could be inflicted.
Montesquieuwrote that "the main reason for the Romans becoming masters of the world was that, having fought successively against all peoples, they always gave up their own practices as soon as they found better ones". Examples of ideas that were copied and adapted include weapons like the gladius (Iberians) and warship design (cf. Carthaginians' qu...
Fatti in breve Legioni dell'antica Roma, Descrizione generale ... Chiudi. I commenti a fianco delle legioni comprendono il periodo di vita della legione, le cause della scomparsa (se rilevanti) e il comandante originale, ovvero l'uomo che costituì la legione. Uno dei segni delle legioni è l'aquila. Oops something went wrong:
La legione romana era un’unità di primaria importanza a livello tattico ma anche a livello strategico in quanto la sua sola presenza in una Provincia rappresentava un valido deterrente per i nemici, nonché un formidabile strumento di romanizzazione dei popoli assoggettati. Le notizie sulla struttura originale della legione non sono provate.
