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The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions. A simple statement of the law is that heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions of matter (or 'downhill' in terms of the temperature gradient).
5 apr 2024 · Second law of thermodynamics, statement describing the amount of useful work that can be done from a process that exchanges or transfers heat. The concept of entropy was introduced as a precise mathematical way of testing whether the second law of thermodynamics is violated by a particular process.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- The second law of thermodynamics asserts that heat cannot move from a reservoir of lower temperature to a reservoir of higher temperature in a cycl...
- Scottish physicist William Thomson, also known as Lord Kelvin, and German physicist Rudolf Clausius developed the second law of thermodynamics in t...
- One notable example of the second law of thermodynamics is the heat engine model. Heat engines involve a cycle of increasing and decreasing tempera...
- The second law of thermodynamics posits that the transfer of energy involves some released as heat. This inefficient energy transfer plays a role i...
- Some have contended that the second law of thermodynamics disproves evolution because the law stipulates that entropy always increases, whereas evo...
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time. The second law also states that the changes in the entropy in the universe can never be negative.
the second law of thermodynamics: A law stating that states that the entropy of an isolated system never decreases, because isolated systems spontaneously evolve toward thermodynamic equilibrium—the state of maximum entropy.
- History of The Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Work and Energy
- The Arrow of Time
- The Fate of The Universe
- Additional Resources
- Bibliography
In his book, "A New Kind of Science" (Wolfram Media, 2018), Stephen Wolfram wrote, "Around 1850 Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) stated that heat does not spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body." This became the basis for the Second Law. Subsequent works by Daniel Bernoulli, James Clerk Maxwell, and Ludwig Boltzmann...
One thing the Second Law dictates is that it is impossible to convert heat energy to mechanical energy with 100% efficiency, according to Britannica. After the process of heating a gas to increase its pressure to drive a piston, there is always some leftover heat in the gas that cannot be used to do any additional work. This waste heat must be disc...
The Second Law indicates that thermodynamic processes, i.e., processes that involve the transfer or conversion of heat energy, are irreversible because they all result in an increase in entropy. Perhaps one of the most consequential implications of the Second Law, Mitra said, is that it gives us the thermodynamic arrow of time. In theory, some inte...
The Second Law also predicts the end of the universe, according to Boston University. "It implies that the universe will end in a 'heat death' in which everything is at the same temperature. This is the ultimate level of disorder; if everything is at the same temperature, no work can be done, and all the energy will end up as the random motion of a...
Here are some other explanations of the second law of thermodynamics: 1. This video from the World Science Festivalexplores entropy and the arrow of time with physicist Brian Greene. 2. Get another explanation of the second law of thermodynamics in this resource from the University of Calgary. 3. George Mason University earth science professor Robe...
Boston University, "Entropy and the second law," December 12, 1999. http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Secondlaw.html Stephen Wolfram, "A New Kind of Science," Wolfram Media, 2018. http://www.wolframscience.com/nksonline/toc.html Famous Scientists, "Daniel Bernoulli." https://www.famousscientists.org/daniel-bernoulli/ Famous Scientists, "James Cler...
The second law of thermodynamics is a general principle which places constraints upon the direction of heat transfer and the attainable efficiencies of heat engines. In so doing, it goes beyond the limitations imposed by the first law of thermodynamics.
The second law of thermodynamics limits the use of energy within a source. Energy cannot arbitrarily pass from one object to another, just as we cannot transfer heat from a cold object to a hot one without doing any work.
