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Charles XIV John (Swedish: Karl XIV Johan; 26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was King of Sweden and Norway from 1818 until his death in 1844 and the first monarch of the Bernadotte dynasty. In Norway, he is known as Charles III John ( Norwegian : Karl III Johan ) and before he became royalty in Sweden, his name was Jean-Baptiste Jules ...
Charles XIV John was a French Revolutionary general and marshal of France (1804), who was elected crown prince of Sweden (1810), becoming regent and then king of Sweden and Norway (1818–44). Active in several Napoleonic campaigns between 1805 and 1809, he subsequently shifted allegiances and formed.
Charles XIV John, Swedish Karl Johan orig. Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, (born Jan. 26, 1763, Pau, France—died March 8, 1844, Stockholm, Swed.), King of Sweden and Norway (1818–44). He became an ardent supporter of the French Revolution and rose rapidly in the army ranks to brigadier general (1794).
Charles XIV John ( Swedish: Karl XIV Johan; 26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was King of Sweden and Norway from 1818 until his death in 1844 and the first monarch of the Bernadotte dynasty. In Norway, he is known as Charles III John ( Norwegian: Karl III Johan) and before he became royalty in Sweden, his name was Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte.
- Overview
- Principal reforms
From his arrival in Sweden in October 1810, Bernadotte, who took the name Charles John, became the real leader of Swedish politics. In designating him for the crown, the Swedes hoped that he would somehow reconquer Finland and the Åland Islands. Charles John, however, who was well aware of the weakness of the Napoleonic empire, initiated a completely different policy. Rather than fight for Finland, he sought alliances with Napoleon’s enemies that would permit Sweden to take Norway from Denmark. He approached Tsar Alexander I of Russia, and in April 1812 Sweden entered a treaty by which it promised to support Russia against Napoleon. According to the treaty, Finland would remain a Russian possession, but in compensation Sweden would be allowed to acquire Norway. When Napoleon began his Russian campaign shortly thereafter, Charles John sided with Tsar Alexander. A meeting between Charles John and Alexander in August 1812 further strengthened the alliance, and the tsar apparently promised to support Charles John’s plan to play a major political role in France after the fall of Napoleon.
Charles John then turned to the West. In March 1813 he negotiated a treaty with England by which, for participating in the final offensive against Napoleon, England also agreed to let Charles John take Norway. Thus, Charles John became commander in chief of the northern allied army, consisting of Prussian, Russian, and Swedish soldiers. He used this army sparingly, especially the Swedish contingent, even at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, because he cherished a hope of succeeding Napoleon and also because he needed troops to attack Denmark. After Leipzig, Charles John refused to cross the Rhine; instead he led the northern army against Denmark. The result was the Treaty of Kiel, whereby Norway was surrendered.
Among the most important of the reforms was the introduction of free enterprise in 1846, which meant the abolition of the guilds. They were now replaced by free industrial and trade associations. Simultaneously, the monopoly of trade that the towns had held since the Middle Ages was also abolished. Finally, by the introduction of a statute in 1864,...
23 mag 2018 · People. History. Scandinavian History: Biographies. Charles XIV. views 1,232,792 updated May 23 2018. Charles XIV (1763–1844) ( Jean Baptiste Bernadotte) King of Sweden (1810–44), b. France. He fought in the French Revolution and was chosen by the Swedish legislature in 1810 to succeed Charles XIII.
Signature. Charles XIV & III John, also Carl John, Swedish and Norwegian: C arl Johan (26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was a Swedish monarch. He was the King of Sweden (as Charles XIV John) and King of Norway (as Charles III John) from 1818 until his 1844 death. [1] Before he became Swedish royalty, he had also been the Sovereign ...
