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January 1 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary. January 9 – The city of Cluj (Kolozsvár) is conquered, thus marking the end of the Transylvanian peasant revolt, which started at Bobâlna. January 10 – The Council of Florence opens in Ferrara.
- AD 1438
From currently unnecessary disambiguation: This is a...
- AD 1438
Eventi. [modifica | modifica wikitesto] 1º gennaio – Alberto II d'Asburgo diventa re d'Ungheria. Il 18 marzo è eletto imperatore (non incoronato). In giugno re di Boemia. 2 febbraio – Forte terremoto nel Lazio. L'assedio di Brescia da parte di Niccolò Piccinino è spezzato grazie all'intervento di Scaramuccia da Forlì.
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- Background
- Michael VIII Palaiologos, 1261–1282
- Andronikos III, 1328–1341
- The Rise and Fall of Kantakouzenos, 1341–1357
- John V, 1354–1391
- Third Palaiologan Civil War, 1373–1379
- Manuel II Palaiologos, 1391–1420
- John VIII Takes Over
- Constantine Xi
- Learning Under The Palaiologoi
Following the Fourth Crusade, the Byzantine Empire had fractured into the Greek successor-states of Nicaea, Epirus, and Trebizond, with a multitude of Frankish and Latin possessions occupying the remainder, nominally subject to the Latin Emperors at Constantinople. In addition, the disintegration of the Byzantine Empire allowed the Bulgarians, the ...
In 1261, while the bulk of the Latin Empire's military forces were absent from Constantinople, the Byzantine General Alexios Strategopoulos used the opportunity to seize the city with 600 troops. Thrace, Macedonia and Thessalonica had already been taken by Nicaea in 1246. Following the capture of Constantinople, Michael ordered the blinding of John...
Foreign policy
The rule of Andronikos III is characterized as the last genuine attempt to restore Byzantine fortunes. His attempts came close to fruition, but the many hostile neighbors of Byzantium eventually took their toll on an Empire in decline. His first concern was that of Asia Minor. Nicaea, until 1261 the capital of the Empire, was under siege by Ottoman Turks. In the summer of 1329, Andronikos III launched a relief attempt which culminated in a defeat at the Battle of Pelekanon on June 10, and in...
Legacy
Although ultimately unsuccessful, the reign of Andronikos III was one of the last bright spots in Byzantine history, as the Empire's position was becoming increasingly precarious. Andronikos was able to score some successes in his life as he campaigned vigorously against the Genoese with success and reestablished some control over Epirus and Thessaly. Throughout his reign, he was also able to work with competent administrators such as John Kantakouzenos who, along with many of the nobles, sup...
The Byzantine Empire entered into a new era of decay in 1341. The Empire was ravaged by multiple serious disasters — alongside wars and civil wars, renewed epidemics of bubonic plague swept through its diminished lands. The first outbreak occurred in 1347, and between the 1360s and 1420s, eight further outbreaks of plague are recorded. Cities were ...
John V Palaiologosnow had to face the serious threat the Ottomans posed to Byzantium. In the 1360s, the Turks continued to drive through Thrace, taking Byzantine, Bulgarian and Serbian settlements.
John V's rule was an unhappy one, resulting in his vassalage to Murad I. However, it must have been all the more worse when his eldest son and heir to the throne Andronikos IV Palaiologos rebelled against his father in 1373. Curiously, this rebellion coincided with the rebellion of Murad I's son, Savci Celebi and the two worked towards fomenting re...
Manuel II's reign saw another temporary respite for the Byzantines. For an Empire in such trouble, he succeeded in retaking some territory and held it to the end of his reign. His limited success largely came through the resurrection of Mongol Power in the East and the great friendship achieved between Manuel II and Mehmed I. However, he lived long...
Manuel II's final years saw his gains wasted and the Empire status quo ante1391. John VIII was still hopeful that he could emulate his Father's success and more. Like his predecessors, his attempts were in vain. And just like his predecessors, he relied too heavily on a Pope not willing to give, but only take; take that is, the Church of a wretched...
Constantine's reign was short; from 1448 (some sources say 1449) until 1453. Constantine XI, like many of his predecessors who took the Union between Eastern and Western Christendom seriously, lived as a Catholic. Not much is known of his reign, except that he died with his soldiers in the final fight for Constantinople.
Second Byzantine/Palaiologan Renaissance
Despite much chaos in the Empire, the Byzantines experienced a revival in culture and art within their domain. Towards the 14th century, as the Empire entered into a phase of terminal crisis, such achievements became less valued. All was not lost for these seemingly rejected scholars — many in Italy who had been opened up to Byzantium by the maritime expansions of Genoa and Venice came to appreciate their achievements, facilitating the Renaissance. As such these scholars found themselves in I...
Restoration of the Classics
The Fourth Crusade saw the destruction of many homes in Constantinople and much of the city on fire. It is difficult to determine what books were burned in the libraries of Constantinople, though one can only imagine that few would be available today were it not for the works of Demetrius Triclinius, Manuel Moschopoulos, Thomas Magister and Maximos Planudes. New editions of poets, such as Hesiod and Pindar, were made and their metric systems were reconstructed with competence. They wrote abou...
Greek Byzantium
In the past, at its full height, the Byzantine Empire was composed of many territories, stretching from modern-day Iraq to modern-day Spain. As the Empire's borders shrunk, so too had its cultural diversity. By the late 13th century, the Empire consisted almost exclusively of traditionally Greek territory (inhabited by Greeks since Antiquity). Consequently, this Greek culture soon came to dominate the Empire and the works of the Classical age such as those of Sophocles and Theocrituswere meti...
Pietro Loredan (Venezia, 1372 – Venezia, 28 ottobre 1438) è stato un militare e politico italiano, al servizio della Repubblica di Venezia. Membro di una famiglia patrizia veneziana, servì la Repubblica di Venezia soprattutto come uomo d'armi, sia per mare sia per terra.
1438 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1438th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 438th year of the 2nd millennium, the 38th year of the 15th century, and the 9th year of the 1430s decade.
La guerra civile lituana del 1432–1438 fu un conflitto per la successione al trono del Granducato di Lituania, dopo la morte di Vitoldo il Grande nel 1430 senza eredi. La guerra venne combattuta su un fronte da Švitrigaila, alleato dei Cavalieri Teutonici, e sull'altro da Sigismund Kęstutaitis, sostenuto dal Regno di Polonia. La ...
