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Bakr Ṣidqī (in arabo بكر صدقي ?; Kirkuk, 1890 – Mosul, 12 agosto 1937) è stato un generale iracheno. Egli era curdo di nascita e, come molti uomini ambiziosi che vivevano nell'impero ottomano, si arruolò nell'esercito turco-ottomano fin da giovane.
Bakr Sidqi al-Askari (Arabic: بكر صدقي العسكري; 1890 – 11 August 1937) was an Iraqi general of Kurdish origin, born in 1890 and assassinated on 11 August 1937, in Mosul.
8 apr 2024 · Bakr Ṣidqī (born 1890, Kirkūk, Iraq—died Aug. 12, 1937, Mosul) was an Iraqi general. Ṣidqī joined the Turkish army at age 18 but was already an ardent Arab nationalist who championed the cause of the Arabs against the Turks.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Background
- Massacres
- Targeted Villages
- Aftermath
- Cultural Impact and Legacy
- See Also
- References
- Further Reading
Assyrians of the mountains
The majority of the Assyrians affected by the massacres were adherents of the Church of the East (often dubbed Nestorian), who originally inhabited the mountainous Hakkari and Barwari regions covering parts of the modern provinces of Hakkâri, Şırnak and Van in Turkey and the Dohuk Governorate in Iraq, with a population ranging between 75,000 and 150,000. Most of these Assyrians were massacred during the 1915 Assyrian genocide, at the hands of the Ottoman Turks, while the rest endured two wint...
Iraqi independence and crisis
During the Ottoman Empire until its partition in the 20th century, Iraq was made up of three provinces: Mosul Vilayet, Baghdad Vilayet, and Basra Vilayet. These three provinces were joined into one Kingdom under the nominal rule of King Faisal by the British after the region became a League of Nations mandate, administered under British control, with the name "State of Iraq". Britain granted independence to the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq in 1932, on the urging of King Faisal, though the Britis...
Assyrian demands for autonomy
With Iraqi independence, the new Assyrian spiritual-temporal leader, Shimun XXI Eshai (Catholicos Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East), demanded an autonomous Assyrian homeland within Iraq, seeking support from the United Kingdom and pressing his case before the League of Nations in 1932. His followers planned to resign from the Assyrian Levies and to re-group as a militia and concentrate in the north, creating a de factoAssyrian enclave. In spring 1933, Malik Yaqo, a former Levies o...
Clashes at Dirabun
On 21 July 1933, more than 600 Assyrians, led by Yaqo, crossed the border into Syria in hope of receiving asylum from the French Mandate of Syria. They were, however, disarmed and refused asylum, and were subsequently given light arms and sent back to Iraq on 4 August. They then decided to surrender themselves to the Iraqi Army. While crossing the Tigris in the Assyrian village of Dirabun, a clash erupted between the Assyrians and an Iraqi Army brigade. Despite the advantage of heavy artiller...
Beginning of the massacres
Even though all military activities ceased by 6 August 1933, exaggerated stories of atrocities committed by the Assyrians at Dirabun and anti-Christian propaganda gained currency while rumours circulated that the Christians were planning to blow up bridges up and poison drinking water in major Iraqi cities. The Iraqi Army, led by Bakr Sidqi, an experienced brigadier general and Iraqi nationalist, moved north in order to crush the Assyrian revolt. The Iraqi forces started executing every Assyr...
Looting of villages
While these killings were taking place, nearby Kurdish, Arab and Yazidi tribes were encouraged to loot Assyrian villages. Kurdish tribes of Gulli, Sindi and Selivani were encouraged by the mayor of Zakho to loot villages to the northeast of Simele, while Yazidis and Kurds also raided Assyrian villages in Shekhan and Amadiya. Most women and children from those villages took refuge in Simele and Dohuk. On 9 August, the Arab tribes of Shammar and Jubur started crossing to the east bank of the Ti...
The main campaign lasted until 16 August 1933, but violent raids on Assyrians were being reported up to the end of the month.The campaign resulted in one third of the Assyrian population of Iraq fleeing to Syria.
On 18 August 1933, Iraqi troops entered Mosul, where they were given an enthusiastic reception by its Muslim inhabitants. Triumphant arches were erected and decorated with melons pierced with daggers, symbolising the heads of murdered Assyrians. The crown prince Ghazi himself came to the city to award 'victorious' colours to those military and trib...
In the Assyrian community worldwide, 7 August has officially become known as Assyrian Martyrs Day, also known as the National Day of Mourning, in memory for the Simele massacre, declared so by the Assyrian Universal Alliance in 1970. In 2004, the Syrian governmentbanned an Assyrian political organization from commemorating the event and threatened ...
Anderson, L; Stansfield, G (2004). The future of Iraq: dictatorship, democracy, or division?. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6354-3.Gaunt, D; Beṯ-Şawoce, J (2006). Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 978-1-59333-301-0.Husry, K (April 1974a). "The Assyrian Affair of 1933 (I)". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 5 (3): 161–176. doi:10.1017/S002074380002780X. JSTOR 162587. S2CID 251026309.Husry, K (April 1974b). "The Assyrian Affair of 1933 (II)". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 5 (3): 344–360. doi:10.1017/S002074380003498X. S2CID 162686283.Kakovitch, I (2002). Mount Semele. Alexandria, VA: Mandrill. ISBN 978-1-931633-70-3.Llewellyn-Jones, Rosie (2019). "The Assyrians in World War One and the 1933 Massacre: New Discoveries in the RSAA Archives". Asian Affairs. 50 (4): 569–587. doi:10.1080/03068374.2019.1672427. S2CID...In 1936, during the reign of Faisal's ineffectual son King Ghazi I, General Bakr Sidqi—who was recently named Chief of the General Staff of the Royal Iraqi Army—staged what was probably the first modern military coup d'état in the Arab world against the government of Yasin al-Hashimi.
10 ago 2003 · In 1936 the Iraqi military was the first to stage a coup d’etat in the Arab world when the army commander, General Bakr Sidqi, a Kurd, overthrew the government. The event is said to have opened...
21 set 2017 · The woman who invented the burkini has reaped a tenfold jump in sales since France banned her swimwear, and says her coveralls have opened a whole new sporting life for Muslim women. Thousands of...
