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McGRATH, JOSEPH E., Dilemmatics: "The Study of Research Choices and Dilemmas" , American Behavioral Scientist, 25:2 (1981:Nov./Dec.) p.179
McGrath and the Behaviors of Groups (BOGs) Jonathan Grudin Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, USA I don’t recall when I first read Joseph McGrath’s essay Time, Interaction, and Performance (TIP): A Theory of Groups. I wasn’t impressed. Introducing an acronym in the title? McGrath presented a typology of functions and modes of
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- SUBSTANTIVE DOMAIN
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- RESEARCH STRATEGIES: CHOOSING A SETTING FOR A STUDY
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- QUADRANT I: THE FIELD STRATEGIES
- The best known of the two strategies in quadrant II is the laboratory experiment. In that strategy, the investigator deliberately concocts a situation or behavior setting or
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- QUADRANT IV: THE THEORETICAL STRATEGIES
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research" simply means the systematic use of some set of theoreti-cal and empirical tools to try to increase our understanding of some set of phenomena or events. In the social and behavioral sciences, the phenomena of interest involve states and actions of hwnan systems - of individuals, groups, organizations, and larg-er social entities - and the...
Doing research, in the behavioral and social sciences, always involves bringing .
some content that is of interest, some ideas that give meaning to that content, and some techniques or procedures by means of which those ideas and contents can be studied. For example, the contents of a study might involve the behavior of a jury, conversa-. tions in a family about buying a new car, the voting behavior of members of a commu-nity, l...
domain, from which we draw contents that seem worthy of our study and attention; (b) The Conceptual domain, from which we draw ideas that seem likely to give meaning to our results; and (c) The Methodological domain, in conducting that research. from which we draw techniques that seem useful Furthermore, research always deals with several levels of...
In the substantive domain, I will call the units or elements Phenomena, and the rela-tions among them Patterns of phenomena. These Phenomena, and Patterns of them, are the object of our study. For the behavioral and social sciences, the phenomena of inter-est involve the states and actions of some human systems -individuals, groups, orga-nizations,...
For the social and behavioral sciences, the elements of interest in the conceptual domain are properties of the states and actions of those human systems that are the focus of study - properties of "actors behaving toward objects in context". These might include such familiar ideas as "attitude," "cohesiveness," "power," "social pressure," "sta-tus...
In the methodological domain, elements are methods. I will call the methods Modes of Treatment (of properties of phenomena). Modes of Treatment are different ways by which a researcher can deal with a particular feature of the human systems that are to be studied. One set of such Modes of Treatment include various techniques for measuring some feat...
o m ::J o m 1/1 age); techniques for statistical control by which you try to nullify the effects of varia-tions in a given property within a study by "removing" those variations by statistical means; and techniques for distributing the impact of a number of features of the sys-tem and its context-without directly manipulating or controlling anyone ...
SUBSTANTIVE CONCEPTUAL METHOD-OLOGICAL ELEMENTS Phenomena Properties Modes of Treatment Figure 1: Domains and levels of concepts in behavioral and social science research. RELATIONS Patterns Relations Comparison Techniques Ongoing EMBEDDING systems SYSTEMS [e.g. human- computer systems Conceptual Systems (e.g. . field theory) Research Strategies (e...
Methods are the tools -the instruments, techniques and procedures - by which a science gathers and analyzes information. Like tools in other domains, different meth-ods can do different things. Each method should be regarded as offering potential opportunities not available by other means, but also as having inherent limitations. You cannot pound a...
Researchevidence, in the social and behavioral sciences, always involvessomebody doing something, in some situation.Wecanalwaysaskaboutthreefacets:Who[which actors], what [which behaviors] and when and where [which contexts]. [The terms "actor", "behavior" and "context" are used here as technical terms with meanings somewhat different from ordinary...
::IN ~ID can be applied (A) and the precision of the information you generate (B). As a third example, the things you can do to try to establish a high degree of generalizability over actors (A) (for example, conducting a well-designed sample survey) will reduce real- ism (C) by obtaining the measures out of context, and will reduce precision (B) b...
The eight strategies listed in Figure 2 are shown as four pairs, each occupying one quad-rant of the circle. Quadrant I contains research strategies that involve observation of ongo-ing behavior systems under conditions as natural as possible. Quadrant II contains research strategies that are camed out in settings concocted for the purpose of the r...
The two research strategies in quadrant I are the Field Study and the Field Experiment. In a field study, the researcher sets out to make direct observations of "natural", ongoing systems, while intruding on and disturbing those systems as little as possible. Much of the ethnographic work in cultural anthropology would exemplify this strategy, as w...
context, defmes the rules for its operation, and then induces some individuals or groups to enter the concocted system and engage in the behaviors called for by its rules and circumstances. In this way, the researcher is able to study the behaviors of interest with considerable precision (e.g., the investigator can be better prepared to measure cer...
CD :J CD 1/1 would not exist at all were it not for the researcher's interest in doing the study. The dis-tinction here is not between "real" and "unreal." The context of the laboratory experi-ment and the experimental simulation are certainly "real" for the participants once they are in the lab or simulation chamber; and the behaviors performed by...
In a sample survey, the investigator tries to obtain evidence that will permit him or her to estimate the distribution of some variables, and/or some relationships among them, within a specified population. This is done, typically, by careful sampling of actors from that population (thus potentially gaining a lot of generalizability, criterion A), ...
Formal theory is a strategy that does not involve the gathering of any empirical obser-vations (although it may be accompanied or preceded by much study of past empirical evidence). Rather, the researcher focuses on formulating general relations among a num-ber of variables of interest. Generally, these relations -propositions, or hypotheses, or r ...
In every empirisal study, observations must be gathered, those observations must be aggregated and partitioned, and some comparisons must be made within that set of datil The comparisons to be made are the heart of the research. They reflect the relations that are the central focus of study. What comparisons are to be made in a given case depends o...
linked, with X causing Y); and, especially, (d) what comparison techniques are available, within the methodological domain. to ask such relational questions. This section will deal with some general features of the comparison techniques that are most commonly used within the current methodology of the social and behavioral sciences. COMPARISON TECH...
You can only measure, match, control and manipulate a limited number of variables in anyone study, and there are usually many more factors that are potentiaily important to the phenomena you are studying. You have to do something else about all of the rest of that rather large set of potentially relevant factors. The main "something else" that you ...
"quasi-experiments" are discussed in a later section of this chapter). If you do have such randomization, then you strengthen the credibility of your information about high X going with high Y (and low X with low Y). It is plausible that the difference you produced CD :J o CD III by manipulating X caused the observed difference in Y. It is not plau...
The idea of validity is central to the research process, yet it is a diffuse concept. One quite comprehensive discussion of validity issues (Cook & Campbell, 1979) posits four different types of validity: internal validity, statistical conclusion validity, construct validity, and external validity. All four are discussed in this section, along with...
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whether a given result (such as a difference in Y associated with a difference in X) is to be regarded as not due to chance. There are other reasons why adifferenl:c in Y associated with a difference in X does not necessarily imply a causal role for X. Some other variables might have been covary-ing with X, and they, rather than X, might have produ...
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21 dic 2019 · Social psychology, a brief introduction. by. McGrath, Joseph Edward, 1927-. Publication date. 1964. Topics. Psicología social, Psychologie sociale, Social psychology, Psicologia social. Publisher. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Joseph E. McGrath, who died on April 1, 2007, often described himself as a “conceptual carpenter.” It was an apt description: Joe conceived and built the frameworks within which a remarkable number of students and colleagues designed their studies, chose their methods, and developed their theories.
Joseph E. Mcgrath View all authors and affiliations. Volume 22, Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496491222001. Contents. Get access. More. Abstract. This article presents a theory of groups. The theory takes a more molarperspective on groups than has often been the case in group research.
Group dynamics. Service to the profession. Books. References. Joseph E. McGrath (July 17, 1927 – April 1, 2007) was an American social psychologist, known for his work on small groups, time, stress, and research methods. [1] Biography. McGrath was born in DuBois, Pennsylvania, the last child of six. He served the U.S. Army from 1945 to 1946.
