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The modern city of Grodno originated as a small fortress and a fortified trading outpost maintained by the Rurikid princes on the border with the lands of the Baltic tribal union of the Yotvingians.
Historical cities of greatest importance were Grodno, seat of Grodno County and one of the main royal residences of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Nowogródek, provincial capital since 1507, county seats of Vawkavysk, Slonim and Lida, and Mir, private town of the powerful Radziwiłł family, which were granted Magdeburg Law ...
Hrodna o Grodno è una città della Bielorussia, vicina al triplo confine tra Bielorussia, Polonia e Lituania. La città è posta sul fiume Nëman e conta 361 115 abitanti. La città di Hrodna è stata nota per tutto il XX secolo con il corrispondente esonimo russo Гро́дно. Dall'indipendenza della Bielorussia il nome ufficiale ...
- Population Figures
- Occupations
- Rabbis and Authors
- Communal Institutions
- Labor and Socialist Movements
- Zionism
- Holocaust Period
- After World War II
- Bibliography
In 1549 the Jewish population formed 17% of the total; in 1560 it numbered 1,000 according to one estimate, in 1764, 2,418 and in 1793, some 4,000. When Grodno passed to Russia with the third partition of Poland in 1795, the Jewish community was the largest in Lithuania after Vilna. The Jewish population numbered 8,422 in 1816 (85.3% of the total);...
The principal traditional sources of income of Grodno Jews were commerce (principally in agricultural and timber products) and crafts, and more recently, industry. In 1887, 88% of commercial undertakings, 76% of factories and workshops, and 65.2% of real estate in Grodno were Jewish owned. The situation did not alter appreciably before World War i,...
Among the notable rabbis serving in Grodno were Mordecai *Jaffe (16th century); Jonah b. Isaiah Te'omim, author of Kikayon de-Yonah (1630); Moses b. Abraham, author of Tiferetle-Moshe (1776); Joshua b. Joseph, author of Meginnei Shelomo (1715); Mordecai Suesskind of Rothenburg (17th century); and Simḥah b. Naḥman Rapoport of Dubno. The last to hold...
In the 19th century, the Grodno community supported numerous battei midrash and societies formed by the *Mitnaggedim for religious studies, which were attended regularly by people from all classes of the community. The famous scholar R. Shimon *Shkop headed the great "Sha'arei Hatorah" yeshivah in Grodno (1920–39). The Hebrew poet Abba Asher Consta...
A Jewish Socialist circle already existed in Grodno in 1875–76 where the first Jewish Socialists turned their attention to the working man. From the end of the 1890s the various trends of Jewish labor movements became increasingly active in Grodno, in particular in the tobacco factory. Central to the movement was the *Bund. The labor movements play...
A legal document of 1539 which deals with a Jewish couple who intended to leave Grodno for Jerusalem is almost a symbol of the strong roots later struck by the Ḥibbat Zion and Zionist movements in Grodno. Among Grodno Jews joining the early settlements in Ereẓ Israel in the 19th century was Fischel *Lapin, who settled in Jerusalem in 1863 and was a...
Under Polish rule there were pogroms in Grodno as early as 1935. A large-scale pogrom took place between Sept. 18 and 20, 1939, during the Polish army's withdrawal from the town prior to the entry of the Soviet Army. The Nazis occupied Grodno on June 22, 1941, the day on which Germany attacked the Soviet Union. On July 7, around 100 Jews in the pro...
Groups of Grodno Jewish partisans were active in forests. Some 2,000 Jews resettled in Grodno over a period of years following its liberation. By the 1960s Grodno had no synagogue. The "old" synagogue was a storehouse; the "new" one was used as a sports hall. In the mid-1950s the Jewish cemetery was plowed up. Tombstones were taken away and used fo...
Regesty, i–ii; S.A. Friedenstein, Ir Gibborim (1880); Rabin, in: He-Avar (1957); Grodno, dzieje w zarysie (1936); Tenenbaum-Tamar of, Dappim min ha-Deleikah (1948); Yedi'ot Beit Loḥamei ha-Getta'ot (1957), no. 18–19, 53–62; H. Grosman, Ansheiha-Maḥteret (19652), 172–84; Grodner Opklangen, no. 1–18 (Buenos Aires, 1949–1968). [Dov Rabin]
Grodno is an important cultural, political and economic centre in western Belarus, with several universities, museums and libraries. In 1992, Pope John Paul II established the town as the capital of the new Roman Catholic Diocese, with a cathedral in the former Jesuit church.
Grodno (Horodno) is a city in Belarus, formerly Poland-Lithuania. One of the oldest Jewish communities in the former grand duchy of *Lithuania (see *Poland-Lithuania ), the Grodno community received a charter from Grand Duke Wi-told in 1389.
The Grodno Judenrat is remembered as one of the most just in the history of the Holocaust. D. Brawer and his subordinates – I. Gorzański, head of the Judenrat in the ghetto no. 1, and I. Zadaj, his counterpart in the ghetto no. 2 – did everything in their power to prevent starvation.
