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Jean-Paul-Charles-Aymard Sartre (AFI: [ʒɑ̃.pol ʃaʁl ɛ.maːʁ saʁ.tʁ(ə)]; Parigi, 21 giugno 1905 – Parigi, 15 aprile 1980) è stato un filosofo, scrittore, drammaturgo e critico letterario francese, considerato uno dei più importanti rappresentanti dell'esistenzialismo, che in lui prende la forma di un umanesimo ateo in ...
18 ore fa · Chi è stato Paul Sartre? Filosofo, scrittore e drammaturgo francese rappresentante dell'esistenzialismo, sostenitore dell'ideologia marxista e del materialismo storico. A quale corrente di ...
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (/ ˈ s ɑːr t r ə /, US also / ˈ s ɑːr t /; French:; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism.
- Nobel Prize for Literature (1964, declined)
- Simone de Beauvoir (1929–1980)
Sartre, Jean-Paul nell'Enciclopedia Treccani - Treccani - Treccani. Romanziere, drammaturgo e filosofo francese (Parigi 1905 - ivi 1980). Pensatore tra i più significativi del Novecento, la sua filosofia si riallaccia alla fenomenologia di E. Husserl e all'analitica esistenziale di M. Heidegger.
- Overview
- Early life and writings
- Post-World War II work
Jean-Paul Sartre was a French novelist, playwright, and philosopher. A leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy, he was an exponent of a philosophy of existence known as existentialism. His most notable works included Nausea (1938), Being and Nothingness (1943), and Existentialism and Humanism (1946).
Where was Jean-Paul Sartre from?
Jean-Paul Sartre was born on June 21, 1905, in Paris, France. After the death of his father, Sartre lived with his mother and maternal grandfather, a professor at the Sorbonne. He attended the Lycée Henri IV in Paris and, later on, the lycée in La Rochelle. In 1929 he graduated from the prestigious École Normale Supérieure.
When did Jean-Paul Sartre meet Simone de Beauvoir?
Jean-Paul Sartre met Simone de Beauvoir in 1929. At the time, they were both studying for a national exam in philosophy in Paris. Although Sartre resisted what he called “bourgeois marriage,” he formed an open relationship with de Beauvoir. They frequently read each other’s work, and in 1945 they founded Les Temps modernes, a monthly review.
What are some of Jean-Paul Sartre’s most famous works?
Sartre lost his father at an early age and grew up in the home of his maternal grandfather, Carl Schweitzer, uncle of the medical missionary Albert Schweitzer and himself professor of German at the Sorbonne. The boy, who wandered in the Luxembourg Gardens of Paris in search of playmates, was small in stature and cross-eyed. His brilliant autobiography, Les Mots (1963; Words), narrates the adventures of the mother and child in the park as they went from group to group—in the vain hope of being accepted—then finally retreated to the sixth floor of their apartment “on the heights where (the) dreams dwell.” “The words” saved the child, and his interminable pages of writing were the escape from a world that had rejected him but that he would proceed to rebuild in his own fancy.
Sartre went to the Lycée Henri IV in Paris and, later on, after the remarriage of his mother, to the lycée in La Rochelle. From there he went to the prestigious École Normale Supérieure, from which he was graduated in 1929. Sartre resisted what he called “bourgeois marriage,” but while still a student he formed with Simone de Beauvoir a union that remained a settled partnership in life. Simone de Beauvoir’s memoirs, Mémoires d’une jeune fille rangée (1958; Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter) and La Force de l’âge (1960; The Prime of Life), provide an intimate account of Sartre’s life from student years until his middle 50s. It was also at the École Normale Supérieure and at the Sorbonne that he met several persons who were destined to be writers of great fame; among them were Raymond Aron, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Simone Weil, Emmanuel Mounier, Jean Hippolyte, and Claude Lévi-Strauss. From 1931 until 1945 Sartre taught in the lycées of Le Havre, Laon, and, finally, Paris. Twice his teaching career was interrupted, once by a year of study in Berlin and the second time when Sartre was drafted in 1939 to serve in World War II. He was made prisoner in 1940 and released a year later.
During his years of teaching in Le Havre, Sartre published La Nausée (1938; Nausea). This philosophical novel, written in the form of a diary, narrates the feeling of revulsion that a certain Roquentin undergoes when confronted with the world of matter—not merely the world of other people but the very awareness of his own body. According to some critics, La Nausée must be viewed as a pathological case, a form of neurotic escape. Most probably it must be appreciated also as a most original, fiercely individualistic, antisocial piece of work, containing in its pages many of the philosophical themes that Sartre later developed.
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Sartre took over the phenomenological method, which proposes careful, unprejudiced description of the phenomena of conscious experience, from the German philosopher Edmund Husserl and used it with great skill in three successive publications: L’Imagination (1936; Imagination: A Psychological Critique), Esquisse d’une théorie des émotions (1939; Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions), and L’Imaginaire: Psychologie phénoménologique de l’imagination (1940; The Psychology of Imagination). But it was above all in L’Être et le néant (1943; Being and Nothingness) that Sartre revealed himself as a philosopher of remarkable originality and depth. Sartre places human consciousness, or no-thingness (néant), in opposition to being, or thingness (être). Consciousness is not-matter and by the same token escapes all determinism. The message, with all the implications it contains, is a hopeful one; yet the incessant reminder that human endeavour is and remains useless makes the book tragic as well.
Having written his defense of individual freedom and human dignity, Sartre turned his attention to the concept of social responsibility. For many years he had shown great concern for the poor and the disinherited of all kinds. While a teacher, he had refused to wear a tie, as if he could shed his social class with his tie and thus come closer to the worker. Freedom itself, which at times in his previous writings appeared to be a gratuitous activity that needed no particular aim or purpose to be of value, became a tool for human struggle in his public lecture L’Existentialisme est un humanisme (1946; Existentialism and Humanism). Freedom now implied social responsibility. In his novels and plays Sartre began to bring his ethical message to the world at large. He started a four-volume novel in 1945 under the title Les Chemins de la liberté, of which three were eventually written: L’Âge de raison (1945; The Age of Reason), Le Sursis (1945; The Reprieve), and La Mort dans l’âme (1949; Iron in the Soul, or Troubled Sleep). After the publication of the third volume, Sartre changed his mind concerning the usefulness of the novel as a medium of communication and turned back to plays.
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What a writer must attempt, said Sartre, is to show human beings as they are. Nowhere are humans more human than when they are in action, and this is exactly what drama portrays. He had already written in this medium during the war, and during the remainder of the 1940s and the 1950s he wrote several more plays, including Les Mouches (The Flies), Huis-clos (In Camera, or No Exit), Les Mains sales (Dirty Hands, or Red Gloves), Le Diable et le bon dieu (Lucifer and the Lord), Nekrassov, and Les Séquestrés d’Altona (Loser Wins, or The Condemned of Altona). All the plays, in their emphasis upon the raw hostility of human toward human, seem to be predominantly pessimistic; yet, according to Sartre’s own confession, their content does not exclude the possibility of a morality of salvation. Other publications of the same period include a book, Baudelaire (1947), a vaguely ethical study on the French writer and poet Jean Genet titled Saint Genet, comédien et martyr (1952; Saint Genet, Actor and Martyr), and innumerable articles that were published in Les Temps Modernes, the monthly review that Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir founded and edited. These articles were later collected in several volumes under the title Situations.
- Wilfrid Desan
26 mar 2022 · Jean-Paul Sartre (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) First published Sat Mar 26, 2022. Few philosophers have been as famous in their own life-time as Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–80). Many thousands of Parisians packed into his public lecture, Existentialism is a Humanism , towards the end of 1945 and the culmination of World War 2.
Biografia • Il peso della libertà. Jean-Paul Sartre nasce a Parigi il 21 giugno 1905 da Jean-Baptiste Sartre, ufficiale di marina, e da Anne-Marie -Schweitzer (il celebre "dottor Schweitzer" era cugino di Sartre). Morendo il padre solo due anni dopo la nascita di Jean-Paul, la giovane Anne-Marie si rifugia a Meudon dai suoi genitori.
