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Ludwig the Younger of Hesse ( German: Ludwig der Junker) (1305 – 2 February 1345) was a German nobleman. He was the third son of Landgrave Otto I of Hesse and his wife Adelheid, a daughter of Otto III of Ravensberg.
Louis Jucker - sings and screams - writes songs for albums movies and theaters - produces recordings of himself and other indie acts - performs in clubs, appartments, squats, museums and festivals - builds instruments, tools and spaces for lo-fi music - organize events, sessions and parties to promote cultural weirdness and heart music.
Louis I (German: Ludwig; 6 February 1402 – 17 January 1458), nicknamed the Peaceful (German: der Friedsame), was Landgrave of Hesse from 1413 to 1458. [1] [2] Following Louis' death, his sons, Henry III and Louis II, divided Hesse into Upper and Lower sections.
- 17 January 1458 (aged 55)
- Hermann II, Landgrave of Hesse
- 6 February 1402, Spangenberg
- Margaret of Hohenzollern-Nuremberg
Louis the Junker of Hesse (1305 – 2 February 1345) was a German nobleman. He was the third son of Landgrave Otto I of Hesse and his wife Adelheid, a daughter of Otto III of Ravensberg.
- Origins
- Modern Influences
- Bodenreform
- See Also
- Bibliography
Junker is derived from Middle High German Juncherre, meaning "young nobleman" or otherwise "young lord" (derivation of jung and Herr), and originally was the title of members of the higher edelfrei (immediate) nobility without or before the accolade. It evolved to a general denotation of a young or lesser noble, often poor and politically insignifi...
The Junkers held a virtual monopoly on all agriculture in the part of the German Reich lying east of the River Elbe. Since the Junker estates were necessarily inherited by the eldest son alone, younger sons, all well educated and with a sense of noble ancestry, turned to the civil and military services, and dominated all higher civil offices, as we...
After World War II, during the communist Bodenreform (land reform) of September 1945 in the Soviet Occupation Zone, later East Germany, all private property exceeding an area of 100 hectares (250 acres) was expropriated, and then predominantly allocated to 'New Farmers' on condition that they continued farming them. As most of these large estates, ...
Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. "Voter, Junker, Landrat, Priest: The Old Authorities and the New Franchise in Imperial Germany," American Historical Review (1993) 98#5 pp. 1448–1474 in JSTORStienberg, Jonathan. Bismarck a Life, Oxford University Press, 2011Carsten, Francis Ludwig. A history of the Prussian Junkers(1989).Hagen, William W. Ordinary Prussians – Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500–1840(Cambridge University Press, 2007)Philip 1663–1721 son of William VI. Charles (Karl) I 1721–1770. William (Wilhelm) 1770–1806 (died 1810) 1806 annexed by the Kingdom of Westphalia. 1813 restored under the supremacy of the Elector of Hesse. Louis (Ludwig) 1813–1816. Ernst Constantine 1816–1849. Charles II (Karl, 1849–1866 1866 annexed by Prussia.
The Junkers, as popularly conceived today, are considered to have been die evil genius of the German people, prompting their authoritarianism, their statism and their militarism. The popular conception is faulty when it uses die term “Junker” to include all German or even all Prussian nobles and fails to recognize diat Junkers come only ...
