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11 mar 2024 · Pyramids of Giza, three 4th-dynasty (c. 2575–c. 2465 BCE) pyramids erected on the west bank of the Nile River near Al-Jizah (Giza), northern Egypt. In ancient times they were included among the Seven Wonders of the World. Learn more about the Pyramids of Giza in this article.
The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid and served as the tomb of pharaoh Khufu, who ruled during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom. Built c. 2600 BC, over a period of about 27 years, the pyramid is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only wonder that has remained largely intact.
- Hemiunu (presumed)
- c. 2570 BC (Old Kingdom);, 4593 years ago
- Arab states
- Original: 146.6 m (481 ft) or 280 cubits, Current: 138.5 m (454 ft)
- Overview
- Who built the Pyramids of Giza?
- How were the pyramids built?
- What are we still discovering about the pyramids?
How the ancient wonder was built is one of Egypt's biggest mysteries. But archaeologists do have insight into who built them—and what they hold inside.
The Giza Pyramids, built to endure an eternity, have done just that. The monumental tombs are relics of Egypt's Old Kingdom era and were constructed some 4,500 years ago.
Egypt's pharaohs expected to become gods in the afterlife. To prepare for the next world they erected temples to the gods and massive pyramid tombs for themselves—filled with all the things each ruler would need to guide and sustain himself in the next world.
Each of the three massive pyramids is but one part of a larger complex, including a palace, temples, solar boat pits, and other features. Here’s what to know about who built them, how they were built—and the treasures we’ve discovered inside.
Pharaoh Khufu was the first Egyptian king to build a pyramid in Giza, a project he began in circa 2550 B.C. His Great Pyramid is the largest in Giza and originally towered some 481 feet (147 meters) above the plateau—it’s a bit shorter now with its smooth casing stones long gone. Its estimated 2.3 million stone blocks each weigh an average of 2.5 to 15 tons.
Khufu's son, Khafre, built the second pyramid at Giza, circa 2520 B.C. His necropolis, or burial ground, stands out on the landscape because it also includes the Sphinx, a mysterious limestone monument with the body of a lion and the head of a pharaoh. The Sphinx, which before the 1800s spent thousands of years buried in the sand with only its head visible, may stand sentinel for the pharaoh’s tomb complex, although there’s no definitive proof that he built it.
(Who did build the Spinx? 4,500 years later, we took a fresh look.)
The third of the Giza Pyramids is considerably smaller than the first two—less than half their height at about 218 feet. Built by Khafre’s son Menkaure circa 2490 B.C. the pyramid’s elaborate complex includes two separate temples connected by a long causeway, and three individual queens’ pyramids. Menkaure’s chambers include niche decorations unique to Giza and a vaulted ceiling in his burial chamber itself. The pharaoh’s elaborate sarcophagus was lost at sea near Gibraltar in 1838.
The ancient engineering feats at Giza were so impressive that even today scientists and engineers can't be sure exactly how the pyramids were built. Yet they have learned much about the people who built them and the political power necessary to make it happen.
The builders were skilled Egyptian workers who lived in a nearby temporary city sprawling over some 17 acres. The remains of bakeries and piles of animal bones show that they were very well fed for their labor. Archaeological digs on the fascinating site have revealed a highly organized community, rich with resources, that must have been backed by strong central authority.
(Who was the first Pharaoh?)
Archaeological sites across Egypt and records written on ancient papyri show that boatmen used the Nile and a network of artificial waterways to bring materials to the Giza Plateau, including granite from Aswan quarries, copper cutting tools from the Sinai Peninsula, and timber from Lebanon. To sustain the workers, they also delivered cattle from farms near the Nile Delta.
It's likely that communities across Egypt contributed workers, as well as food and other essentials, for what became in some ways a national project to display the wealth and control of the ancient pharaohs.
Scientists and engineers are still debating exactly how the pyramids were constructed. It’s generally believed that the Egyptians moved massive stone blocks to the heights along large ramps, greased by water or wet clay, using a system of sledges, ropes, rollers, and levers. Some suggest exterior ramps either zig-zagged or spiraled around each pyramid, while a more controversial theory suggests internal ramps were used.
The pyramids of Giza still hold plenty of secrets. And while scientists continue to make new discoveries, many of them also raise new questions.
The ScanPyramids project, an international team under the authority of Egypt’s Ministry of Antiquities, has been using modern technology to delve inside the pyramids since 2015 without setting foot inside. Advances in high-energy particle physics have allowed them to use cosmic rays to uncover various empty spaces that had been hidden for 4,500 years—including one void that rivals the size of the pyramid’s Grand Gallery and another passage, dubbed the North Face Corridor, to the Pyramid of Khufu.
It’s unclear if anything is inside these spaces, but most experts believe they have no ritual significance. Instead, they were likely used during construction, a carefully engineered system to distribute the weight and stress of these iconic structures that have definitely stood the test of time.
Editor's note: This story was originally published on January 21, 2017. It has been updated.
- Brian Handwerk
19 dic 2016 · The Great Pyramid of Giza is a defining symbol of Egypt and the last of the ancient Seven Wonders of the World. It is located on the Giza plateau near the modern city of Cairo and was built over a twenty-year period during the reign of the king Khufu (2589-2566 BCE, also known as Cheops) of the 4th Dynasty.
- Joshua J. Mark
- Who was the Great Pyramid built for?The Great Pyramid of Giza was built as a tomb for the king Khufu, second king of the 4th dynasty of Egypt.
- Why was the Great Pyramid built?Scholars and historians generally agree the Great Pyramid of Giza was built as a tomb.
- How was the Great Pyramid of Giza built?This question is still debated by scholars but it may have been built using hydraulics which drew on the high water table of the Giza plateau.
- Who was the first modern-day archaeologist to excavate the Great Pyramid?The first modern-day excavation of the Great Pyramid was conducted by Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie in 1880.
14 ott 2009 · Built during a time when Egypt was one of the richest and most powerful civilizations in the world, the pyramids—especially the Great Pyramids of Giza—are some of the most magnificent...
Giza pyramid complex. Coordinates: 29°58′34″N 31°7′58″E. The Giza pyramid complex (also called the Giza necropolis) in Egypt is home to the Great Pyramid, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure, along with their associated pyramid complexes and the Great Sphinx.
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